宝春

各位同学们，为了督促帮助大家持续提升英语能力，培君老师们特意给大家准备了托福每日一包。每天覆盖听说读写内容，坚持完成两周以上，就能见到自己的英语能力不断上涨哟。

1.听写包答案：

Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.

Professor: Last class I passed out your assignment for your first paper and today I want to spend some time going over it.

Most people never take any art history until they get to college, so many of you have probably never written an art history paper before.

I gave you a list of appropriate works of art for you to write about.

So your next step in this process needs to be to go look at the work you've selected as your topic and bring a pencil and a notepad with you.

Because I don't mean you should just drop by at the museum and glance at it, so you can say you've seen it in real life, you need to go and sit in front of the work and really look at it carefully and slowly, and keep careful notes about what you see.

You'll need them for the kind of art history paper you are going to be writing, it's what we call a formal analysis.

A formal analysis of a work of art, any kind of art, is based on its formal qualities, which means qualities related to the form.

Things like color, texture, line, shapes, proportion and composition.

Uh, probably the closest thing to a formal analysis you might have written is for an English class.

If you've, say, written an analysis of a poem, you've used the same skills.

You've given an analysis of the poem by describing and analyzing its form and meter.

A formal analysis paper in art history is very similar.

Now, before you begin writing your formal analysis, you wanna start with a summary of the overall appearance of the work, a brief description of what you see: either figures, people, what are they doing, or is it a landscape, or an abstract representation of something.

Tell what the subject is and what aspects are emphasized in the painting.

This will give your reader an overview of what the work looks like before you analyze it.

The next part of your paper, the actual formal analysis, would be the longest and most important section of your paper, where you describe and analyze individual design elements.

For this portion of the paper, you are going to rely on the notes you took at the museum because you should be able to describe in detail the design elements the artist uses and how they are used.

请听艺术史课上的部分内容。

教授：上一节课我把你们第一篇论文的作业都发下去了，今天我想花点时间再说一下。

大部分人在进入大学之前从来没学过艺术史，所以你们中很多人可能以前从来没有写过一篇艺术史的论文。

我给你们列了一些适合你们写的艺术作品。

所以你们在这个过程中的下一步就是去看看你们选来作为主题的作品，并且要带着一支铅笔和一个笔记本去。

因为我的意思不是你们应该只是顺路去一趟博物馆然后看一眼，这样就说你们已经亲眼看过它了，你们需要去坐在这个作品前，慢慢地仔细地看看它，并且把你们看到的认真地用笔记下来。

你们在写这种艺术史论文的时候会需要这些笔记的，我们把这叫做形式分析。

对一个艺术作品，任何类型的艺术的形式分析都是以它的形式质量为基础的，也就是与形式相关的质量。

像色彩、纹理、线条、形状、比例和构图这样的东西。

可能你们写过的和形式分析最相近的东西就是在英语课上了。

假设，如果你们写过诗歌分析的话，你们使用的是同样的技巧。

你们通过描述和分析诗歌的形式和韵律来对它作出分析。

艺术史的形式分析论文和这非常相似。

在你们开始写形式分析之前，你们要先总结一下作品的整体外观，简要地描述一下你们看到的：无论是人物、人、他们在做的事情还是一个风景画或者对某个事物的抽象描绘。

描述一下作品的主题是什么，以及画作中强调了哪方面的内容。

这会在你开始分析之前，让你的读者对这个作品的样子有一个大概的想法。

你们论文的下一个部分，也就是真正的形式分析会是论文中最长也是最重要的章节，你们要在这个部分描述并分析单独的设计元素。

在论文的这个部分，你们就要依靠你们在博物馆做的笔记了，因为你们应该能够具体描述这个画家使用的设计元素以及它们是如何应用的。

2.阅读包答案：

我们真的要让铁路部门成为市场中成败的仲裁者吗？”马丁·贝尔科维希问道，他是一名经常作为发货商代理人的华盛顿律师。

3.写作包答案：

Nowadays, China is stepping into the aging society. Therefore, the only-child generation is facing enormous pressure both from work and life. The Chinese government has begun to adjust the family planning policy and allows some families to have a second child under certain circumstances. However, the survey shows that some couples abandon to have a second child due to the increasing financial burden. Thus, in order to solve the aging problem, the basic thing is not relying on the increase of birth rate. The best solution is to establish an effective social security system.